Christian Cyclopedia

Acc. to The Protevangelium of James (2d c.), Joachim was the husband of Anne and father of Mary, mother of Jesus.

Name of 3 electors of Brandenburg. 1. Joachim I Nestor (Cicero Teutonicus; 1484–1535). Elector 1499–1535; father of 2; founded U. of Frankfurt an der Oder 1506; opposed M. Luther; helped organize League of Dessau.* See also Pack, Otto von. 2. Joachim II Hektor (1505–71). Elector 1535–71; son of 1; Prot. 1539. See also Interim, I. 3. Joachim Friedrich (1546–1608). Elector 1598–1608; son of John* George, elector of Brandenburg; bp. Havelberg 1553, Lebus 1555; 1st ev. abp. Magdeburg 1566–98; disbanded cloisters; removed RC ceremonies; unwillingly yielded to requests of Magdeburg nobility to introd. FC; desired union bet. Luths. and Ref.

See Joachim of Floris.

(de Floris; of Fiore [or Flora]; ca. 1130 [1145?]–ca. 1202). B. Celico, near Cosenza, Calabria; mystic; Cistercian*; founded monastery of St. John in Fiore, on Montenero, in La Sila mountains, S It. Best known for dividing hist. into 3 ages, of the Father (OT), of the Son (from Christ to ca. 1260), and of the Holy Ghost (beginning ca. 1260), the latter the time of the eternal Gospel, of prayer, song, and contemplation, the monastic age par excellence. Followers called Joachimites. Influence declined when 1260 failed to usher in the age of the Holy Ghost. See also Apocalyptic Literature; Spirituals, Franciscan.

(Jeanne d'Arc; 1412–31). “The Maid of Orleans”; Fr. “La Pucelle (d'Orleans)”; b. Domremyla-Pucelle, Fr., of peasant parents. On the basis of alleged visions she led a Fr. army against the Eng.; raised the siege of Orléans 1429; captured by Burgundians 1430; sold to English, who persuaded Fr. to join in convicting her of witchcraft and heresy; burned at the stake at Rouen on May 30, made a Fr. nat. holiday 1920.

See Eastern Orthodox Churches, 5.

See Apocrypha, B 4.

See Freemasonry, 7.

See Johanan ben Zakkai.

Assoc. of RC factory workers (Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne; acronym JOC; hence the terms Jocist and Jocism; Eng.: Young Christian Workers) formed in Belgium beginning 1912 and esp. after WW I; spread to Fr. and in various forms throughout the world.

(1849–1914). B. Munich, Ger.; positivist philos.; developed naturalistic ethic.

See Lithuania, 1.

(Johanan; ca. 1–80 AD). B. Palestine; Jewish savant; escaped to Romans during siege of Jerusalem; with Vespasian's permission he est. a school at Jamnia (see Jamnia, Synod of).

Legendary female pope; supposedly reigned for ca. 2 1/2 yrs. after Leo IV (d. 855); legend became popular in 13th c. but was disproved in 17th c.

(1525–76). Duke of Mecklenburg, Ger., 1547–76; consolidated Luth. Ch. in Mecklenburg; est. the 1552 ch. order; reorganized the U. of Rostock; favored FC

See also John.

See John of Damascus.

(d. 577). B. Sirimis, near Antioch; patriarch Constantinople 565; made collection of canons (see also Canon Law, 2).

(Lat. “one who fasts”; Gk. Nesteutes; Ger. der Faster; d. 595). B. probably Cappadocia; patriarch Constantinople 582–595; made his see supreme in E and equal to Rome.

See Erigena, Johannes Scotus.

(Johann Pupper; Capupper; ca. 1400–ca. 1475). B. Goch (Geldern), Lower Rhine; adherent of Brethren* of the Common Life; Augustinian in theol.; opposed Scholasticism; theol. convictions summarized: from God, through God, to God. Works include De libertate christiana; Dialogus de quatuor erroribus circa legem evangelicam exortis, et de votis et de religionibus facticiis.

(Beccos; Beccus; Veccus; b. early in the 13th c.; d. ca. 1293). B. Constantinople; patriarch Constantinople 1275–82; convinced of validity of W Church's position on procession of the Holy Spirit (see also Filioque Controversy), he worked for union.

Est. 1886 at Bonn, Ger., by T. Christlieb* to train men 20–30 yrs. old, who already had a vocation, for miss. work and evangelism; moved to Wuppertal-Barmen 1893 by T. Haarbeck.*

The name Johanneum is also applied to an older institution at Hamburg which combined a Gymnasium and Realschule, and to schools elsewhere, e.g., Breslau and Lüneburg.

An advanced school (Hoch Schule) called Johannea was est. at Herborn 1584. enl. to a U. 1654, changed to a sem. 1817.

See also Hübner, Johann(es).

See John George.

(Comma Johanneum; “Three Witnesses”; comma is Lat. for “phrase”). That part of 1 Jn 5:7–8 which is regarded by many as interpolation, namely the italicized words in the following (KJV): “For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost; and these three are one. And there are three that bear witness in earth, the spirit, and the water, and the blood: and these three agree in one.”

See Arabic Philosophy.

(1844–1930). B. Ylvieska, Fin.; educ. Helsinki and in Ger. and Switz.; prof. ethics and dogmatics Helsinki 1877–85; abp. Fin. 1899. Works include Pyhä Uskomme (Swed.: Vaar heliga tro). See also Dogmatics, B 9.

See Apocrypha, C 3.

See Apocalyptic Literature.

See also Johann; Johannes.

(king of Eng.). See Church and State, 6; England, A 3.

called Nauclerus. See Nauclerus, Ioannes.

See Jean Baptiste de la Salle.

See Buridan, Jean.

(Johann Kasimir; 1564–1633). Son of John* Frederick II; duke of Saxe-Coburg; est. Gymnasium at Coburg; befriended J. Gerhard.*

See Chrysostom, John.

(ca. 570 [579?]–649). Also known as Sinaites and Scholasticus; abbott Sinai; ascetic. Works include Ladder of Paradise (Gk. Klimax tou paradeisou, whence his cognomen).

MPG, 88, 579–1248.

See John of Damascus.

(Johann Friedrich; 1503–54). Called “the Magnanimous” (Ger. der Grossmütige) because of his spirit and bearing under misfortune. B. Torgau, Prussia; son of John* the Constant; educ. by G. Spalatin*; early supporter of M. Luther*; went with his father to Diet of Augsburg 1530 (see Lutheran Confessions, A). Elector of Ernestine Saxony 1532–47. Impulsive; not a far-sighted politician. Unity of the Schmalkaldic* League suffered from disagreements bet. John Frederick and Philip* of Hesse, leaders of the League; e.g., John Frederick took a strict Luth. position, Philip favored union with other evangelicals; John Frederick disliked Philip's bigamy. He set aside the 1541 election of RC J. v. Pflug* as bp. Naumburg-Zeitz and substituted N. v. Amsdorf,* an avowed Luth. He antagonized Maurice,* duke of Saxony, 1542, by unilaterally trying to introd. the Reformation into the city of Wurzen, whose see was under joint protection of electoral and ducal Saxony; war bet. the 2 Saxonies was averted only by efforts of Luther and Philip. He was suspicious of colloquies and rejected papal overtures for a council. Helped drive Heinrich II (the Younger; 1514–68; duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel; RC) from his duchy 1542. Failed to support the Cologne Reformation (see Hermann von Wied). Did not attend diets and similar meetings from the diet (or convention) of the ev. states at Schmalkald 1537 (he had asked Luther for a positional paper; result: the Schmalkaldic Articles [see Lutheran Confessions, B 2]) to the 1544 Diet of Speyer.* When Charles* V prepared to attack the Schmalkaldic League, John Frederick was duped and was slow in taking counter-measures. With the outbreak of the Schmalkaldic* War July 1546, John Frederick left his realm with an army to engage the imperial forces, but returned when Maurice, who had joined the cause of Charles V, invaded electoral Saxony. John Frederick reconquered most of his land, repelling Maurice, but was defeated and captured by imperial forces at Mühlberg April 24, 1547. Condemned to death by Charles V; sentence commuted to life imprisonment when Wittenberg surrendered; released 1552 by Maurice (who had defeated and almost captured Charles V and forced him to conclude the Convention of Passau*) but did not regain title.

Reorganized the U. of Wittenberg 1535–36; benefactor of U. of Leipzig; laid the plans for the U. of Jena (founded 1558). WGT, LP

See also Alva, Duke of.

B. Rogge, Johann Friedrich, Kurfürst von Sachsen, genannt “der Grossmütige” (Halle, 1902); W. G. Tillmanns, The World and Men Around Luther (Minneapolis, 1959), pp. 300–302.

(Johann Friedrich der Mittlere; 1529–95). Duke of Saxony; father of John* Casimir; b. Torgau, Prussia; son of John* Frederick the Magnanimous; allowed to rule small part of his father's land by Charles* V after 1547; deposed 1566; imprisoned 1567. See also Konfutationsbuch; Synergistic Controversy.

(Johann Georg; 1525–98). Elector of Brandenburg 1571–98; son of Joachim II Hektor (see Joachim, 2); father of Joachim Friedrich (see Joachim, 3).

(Johann Georg I; 1585–1656). Elector of Saxony of the Albertine line 1611–56; son of Christian* I; b. Dresden; in Thirty* Years' War first sided with Ferdinand II (1578–1637; king Boh. 1617–19 and 1620–37; Holy Roman emp. 1619–37), later with Gustavus* II; concluded treaty with emp. 1635; fought Swed. 1636; defeated at Wittstock. Promoted culture.

(ca. 990 [995?]–1073). B. Florence, It.; founded Vallombrosans.*

See Presbyterian Churches, 1.

King of Eng. See also Church and State, 6; England, A 3.

(John Rhetor; Scholasticus; 6th c.). B. probably Antioch in Syria; wrote Chronography (Books 1–17 are Monophysite, 18 is orthodox).

MPG, 97, 9–790.

See Scythian Monks

See Blind, 3.

(Moschos). See Moschus, John.

See John of Ephesus.

(d. ca. 441). Bp. Antioch ca. 429; leader of moderate Nestorians. See also Exegesis, 4.

MPG, 77, cols. 131–132, 163–166, 167–174, 247–250, 329–332, 1449–62; 84, 550–864.

See John of Ephesus.

(Juan de Ávila; ca. 1500–69). “Apostle of Andalusia”; b. Almodóvar del Campo, Sp.; mystic. Works include Audi Filia.

(d. 721). Anglo-Saxon bp. Hexham, Eng., 687, York 705; disciple of Hilda (614–680; founded double monastery 657 at Streoneshalh [later called Whitby]) at Whitby (where the famous Syn. of Whitby* was held); ordained Bede* deacon 692, priest 703; resigned 720 and retired to abbey at Inderawood (later Beverley), which he had founded and where he died.

(Johannes Damascenus; John Damascene; b. perhaps ca. 675 [as early as 645? as late as 700?]; d. ca. 750). Called Chrysorrhoas (Gk. “Golden Speaker”). B. Damascus; monk in a monastery near Jerusalem; priest; hymnist. Involved in iconoclastic* controversy. Works include De haeresibus; Expositio accurata fidei orthodoxae; De sacris imaginibus; Sacra parallela; hymns “Come, Ye Faithful, Raise the Strain” and “The Day of Resurrection.” See also Abu Qurra, Theodorus; Fathers of the Church.

MPG, 94–96.

(John of Asia; John of Amida; ca. 507–ca. 586). B. near Amida (later Diyarbekir, or Diarbekr, Turkey in Asia); precursor of Monophysites. Works include a ch. hist. and biographies of E saints.

(ca. 1250–1314). B. Haslach (which?); teacher of theol. and (ca. 1294) prior Freiburg, Ger.; prepared a practical system of pastoral casuistry widely used in Middle Ages.

(Gischala; Giscala). Leader of Jewish rebels in Galilee and Jerusalem 66–70; hostile to policy of F. Josephus*; imprisoned in Rome. See also Jewish War.

(Juan Ciudad; Juan de Dios; Joao de Deo; 1495–1550). B. Montemor-o-Novo, Port.; Sp. religious; after life of dissipation he devoted himself to caring for sick (see Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God).

(Johannes de Janduno; ca. 1275–1328). B. Jandun, Fr.; educ. Paris; taught at U. of Paris; proponent of philos. of Averroes (see Arabic Philosophy); championed king's claims against papacy's. Helped Marsilius* of Padua write Defensor pacis.

(Iwan Il'jitsch Sergiev; b. 1820s; d. ca. 1908). B. probably Sura, Archangel govt., Russ.; Orthodox priest; allegedly performed miracles; cared for sick and needy.

(Jan Beuckelszoon; Bockelson; Beuckels; Ger.: Johann Bockholdt; other variant spellings; (1509–36). B. near Leiden, Neth.; tailor; merchant, innkeeper; Anabap. fanatic; leader at Münster; proclaimed himself king; introd. polygamy and community of goods; imprisoned 1535 by bp. of Münster; executed. See also Münster Kingdom.

See Jean de Matha.

(1247–ca. 1330). B. Montecorvino (Salerno), It.; RC miss. to Orient; founder and 1st abp. of RC Ch. in China.

See Florence, Council of, 1.

(Pomuk; Welflin, or Wölflin; ca. 1340–ca. 1393). B. Nepomuk (or Pomuk), Boh.; martyr; patron saint of Boh.; vicar-gen. Prague; opposed attempts of Wenceslaus IV (Wenzel [1361–1419]; king of Ger. and Holy Rom. emp. 1378–1400; king of Boh. as Wenceslaus IV 1378–1419) to suppress an abbey and create a see for a favorite; drowned in Moldau.

(Jean de Paris; Joannes Parisiensis; Quidort; ca. 1269 [or as early as 1240?]–1306). B. Paris, Fr.; Dominican; promoted conciliar* movement; formed theory of consubstantiation or impanation. Works include Tractatus de potestate regia et papali; Determinatio … de modo existendi corporis [or corpus] Christi in sacramento altaris.

(ca. 1115/20–1180). B. near Salisbury, Eng.; philos.; hist.; bp. Chartres 1176; held that a secular prince in effect receives authority from the ch. Works include Polycraticus.

MPL, 199, 1–1040.

(Juan de la Cruz; Juan de Yepis y Alvarez; 1542–91). B. Fontiveros, Ávila, Sp.; mystic; poet; with Teresa* founded discalced (reformed) Carmelites* ca. 1568. Works include The Ascent of Mount Carmel—The Dark Night; The Spiritual Canticle; The Living Flame of Love.

See Popes, 36.

See Popes, 37.

(6th c.). Alexandrian theol.; held a form of tritheism: the 3 persons of the Trin. have unity of concept but not of nature. Works include commentaries on Aristotle.

1. See Johannes III Scholasticus. 2. See John Climacus. 3. See John Malalas.

(September 20, 1863–January 21, 1923). B. Stavanger, Norw.; educ. U. of Oslo (Christiania); private instructor in theol. at Christiania 1888–91; to US 1892; prof. theol. Red Wing (Minnesota) Norw. Ev. Luth. Sem. 1892–97; pastor Hudson, Wisconsin, 1897–1900; prof. theol. at the sem. of The United Norw. Luth. Ch. in Am. 1900–17, Luther Theol. Sem. 1917–23, both in St. Paul, Minnesota Works include En kort udredning; Paulus; I kirke.

(1572–1619). Elector Brandenburg 1608–19; b. Halle, Ger.; educ. as Luth. but became Ref. 1613; 1st duke Duchy of Prussia 1618–19. As a result of his conversion to Calvinism and his reluctance to est. it by force, his successors followed a union ch. policy.

(1813–September 1867). B. Hollis, New Hampshire; ABCFM miss. to Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) 1836; 30 yrs. on island of Kauai.

(1822–94). B. Fredrikshald, Norw.; educ. Christiania (Oslo); engaged in further studies and travel in Eur.; prof. systematics and ch. hist. Christiania. Influenced by S. A. Kierkegaard*; held that the function of dogmatics is to analyze the Christian's self-consciousness. Loyal to Luth. Confessions. Revival preacher. Ed. Luthersk Kirketidende: other works include Grundrids af den systematiske Theologi; Dogmehistorie; Kristelig Ethik. See also Lammers, Gustav Adolph; Norway, Lutheranism in, 11.

(1662–1725). Eng. theol.; educ. Cambridge. Works include The Unbloody Sacrifice, and Altar, Unvailed and Supported; The Propitiatory Oblation; The Clergyman's Vade-Mecum.

(October 8, 1870–March 9, 1946). B. Cleburne, Kansas; educ. Augustana Coll. and Theol. Sem., Rock Island, Illinois; pastor McKeesport, Pennsylvania, 1899–1901; pres. Luther Coll. and pastor Wahoo, Nebraska, 1901–13; pres. Gustavus Adolphus Coll., St. Peter, Minnesota, 1913–42.

(1709–84). B. Lichfield, Eng.; lexicographer, essayist, critic, conversationalist, romancer. Some of his writings reflect the theol. of the Ch. of Eng. Works include A Dictionary of the English Language; Prayers and Meditations; The Lives of the English Poets. See also High Church. EEF

See Africa, C 6.

See Church Year, 17.

See Church Year, 16.

(the Steadfast; 1468–1532). B. Meissen, Ger.; brother of Frederick* III (“the Wise”); father of John* Frederick; received scholarly educ.; knight; elector Saxony 1525; early partisan of M. Luther.* After pub. of Luther's NT 1522, John read the Bible daily. Luther preached at his court in Weimar October 1522 and wrote for him the treatise Von weltlicher Obrigkeit 1523. John was tolerant toward T. Münzer* and A. R. B. v. Karlstadt,* did not interfere with abolition of the Corpus* Christi procession, and permitted Prot. observance of the Lord's Supper. After becoming elector he refused to make common cause against Luths. with his cousin, George* the Bearded. Issued a directive on August 16, 1525, making Ernestine Saxony evangelical. Signed treaty with Philip* of Hesse February 27, 1526 (see Gotha Covenant), and led Luth. party at 1526 Diet of Speyer*; approved ch. visitations suggested by N. Hausmann*; at 1529 Diet of Speyer* he defended the ev. interpretation of the recess of the 1526 diet and protested with others the resolution of the RC majority; at the 1530 Augsburg Diet (see Lutheran Confessions, A) he took a heroic stand against Charles* V; led Schmalkaldic* League 1531. His motto: Verbum Dei manet in aeternum (Lat. “The Word of God abides forever”). See also Pack, Otto von; Visitations, Church. WGT

See Church Year, 1, 16.

(pope). See Schism, 5.

(ca. 1391–1448). E Roman emp. 1425–48; attended Council of Florence.*

See Benedict VIII.

See Popes, 13.

1. Baldassare Cossa (d. 1419). Neapolitan; elected pope (now gen. regarded antipope) 1410 at Bologna by cardinals who honored the action of the Council of Pisa*; convoked the Council of Constance*; promised to resign if Gregory* XII and Benedict XIII (see Benedict XIII, 1) would do likewise; fled March 1415 when his sincerity became suspect; suspended, imprisoned, and deposed May 1415; released ca. 1418; bp. Tusculum (Frascati), It., 1419.

2. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli. See Popes, 34.

See Ohio and Other States, Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of.

See Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod.

(Jomelli; Nicola; 1714–74). B. Aversa, It.; composer; director; 15 yrs. kapellmeister to Duke of Württemberg at Stuttgart; mem. Neapolitan school. Works include oratorios and cantatas.

(Arab.: Abul Walid Merwan ibn-Janah; Abulwalid; ibn Ganach; R. [Rabbi; Rab] Marinus; ca. 990–ca. 1050). Heb. grammarian and philol.; physician; b. Córdoba, Sp.; later settled in Saragossa. Works include Sefer Harikmah; Sefer Hashorashim. See also Lexicons, A.

(originally Jodocus [or Jodokus] Koch; “Jodocus” became “Justus” and he adopted his father's given name as family name; 1493–1555). B. Nordhausen, Ger.; educ. Erfurt and Wittenberg; prof. and canon at Erfurt 1518, rector of U. of Erfurt 1519; provost Castle Ch. and prof. canon law U. of Wittenberg 1521; colaborer of M. Luther*; supt. Halle 1541–47, Eisfeld 1553–55. Hymnist; wrote “Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält”; stanzas 4 and 5 of “Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort.” See also Lutheran Confessions, B 1.

M. E. Lehmann, Justus Jonas: Loyal Reformer (Minneapolis, 1964); T. Pressel, Justus Jonas, in Leben und Ausgewählte Schriften der Väter und Begründer der lutherischen Kirche, ed. J. Hartmann et al., VIII, in vol. 4 (Elberfeld, 1862).

See Bible Versions, B.

See United Church of Christ, I B.

See African Methodist Episcopal Church.

See Africa, C 6.

(1884–1973). B. Clarksville, near Baltimore, Maryland; educ. Asbury Coll.; taught at Asbury Coll.; Meth. evangelist to high castes of India 1907; bp. 1928, resigned to continue miss. work; exponent of social* gospel. Works include The Christ of the Indian Road; Victory Through Surrender.

See Asia, C 4.

(1863–1948). B. South China, Maine; Quaker; educ. Haverford (Pennsylvania) Coll., U. of Heidelberg, Ger., and U. of Pennsylvania; principal Oak Grove Sem., Vassalboro, Maine, 1889–93; prof. Haverford Coll. 1904–34. Wrote extensively on the Quaker religion.

(Sam Jones; 1847–1906). B. Oak Bowery, Chambers Co., Alabama; Confederate soldier in Civil War; lawyer, drunkard; converted and became Meth. Episc., S, pastor 1872; agent of N. Georgia Orphanage 1880–92; revivalist.

(1704–89). Bp. Skalholt, Iceland, 1754. Wrote Historia ecclesiastica Islandiae.

See Middle East, G.

(Jordanis; Jordannis; Jornandes; Jornandez; 6th c.). Goth; notary; after conversion probably priest or monk; wrote hist. of Goths (condensed from F. M. A. Cassiodorus* and extended to 551) and a universal hist.

1. Alfred Theodor (1874–1953). B. Vejle, Den.; churchman; gen. secy. LWC Copenhagen 1929; active in ecumenical movement; helped form cong. welfare projects. Works include Luther studies. 2. Jens Johannes (1866–1956). B. Svendborg, Den.; poet, naturalist, symbolist; first Luth., then atheist, then (1896) RC Works include biographies of Francis of Assisi and Catherine of Siena.

(Jan Jorisz; Joriszoon; ca. 1501–56). B. Flanders; Anabap.; spiritualist; self-styled “prophet”; advocated ascetic practices; lived under pseudonym Jan van Brugge in Basel after 1522. Followers called Davidists or Jorists.

(1812–84). B. Stuttgart, Ger.; inspector Basel* Miss. Soc. 1849–79; visited India 1851/52; reorganized the work of the Basel Miss. Soc. along centralized lines.

Name of many RC communities of women, including those that derive from the foundation made 1648 at the Le Puy, Velay, Fr., by Bp. Henry de Maupas (1606–80) and John Peter Médaille (Jesuit; 1610–69); specialize in educ. and hosp. work.

See Piarists.

(ca. 1360–1439). Metropolitan Ephesus ca. 1393; patriarch Constantinople 1416; attended Council of Florence.*

(Josephism). Joseph II (1741–90; king of Ger. 1764–90; Holy Roman emp. 1765–90; coregent of Austria with his mother 1765–80, sole ruler 1780–90) tried to make the ch. subordinate and subservient to the state and to separate the ch. from Roman authority. Issued an edict of toleration 1781; it granted a large measure of freedom of religion to Prots., imposed restrictions on RC activities, and removed religious bars to civil offices. These and other similar measures raised RC protest. Pius VI (see Popes, 26) visited Joseph II in vain 1782. But disturbances gradually induced Joseph II to revoke his legislation. After his death the old constitution and privileges were restored. See also Church and State; Josephinism; Roman Catholic Church, The, D 2.

(Josephism). Ecclesiastical policy of Joseph II (see Joseph II and Josephinism). See also Ultramontanism.

1. See Latter Day Saints, g 2. 2. Name attached to various RC groups, including St.* Joseph's Soc. of the Sacred Heart.

See Joseph of Thessalonica.

(ca. 762–ca. 832). Known in Gk. hymnody as Joseph of Studion. Younger brother of Theodore* of Studion, with whom he was at the monastery Studion at Constantinople since 798. Abp. Thessalonica 807; exiled ca. 809 in controversy concerning the adulterous marriage of Constantine VI (771–ca. 797; E Roman emp. 780–797).

(ca. 810–86). B. Syracuse, Sicily, It.; Gk. hymnist; ca. 830 to Thessalonica, where he became monk and priest; later to Constantinople; captured by pirates and enslaved on way to Rome 841; ransomed; est. monastery ca. 850 at Constantinople.

MPG, 105, 925–1426.

(Joseph ben Matthias; ca. 37–ca. 100). B. Jerusalem; of Jewish royal and priestly descent; joined Pharisees; commander in Galilee during Jewish* War; policy clash aroused hostility of John* of Galilee; captured by Romans; freed by Vespasian*; to Rome after war. Works include De Maccabeis; De bello Judaico; Antiquitates Judaicae; Contra Apionem; Vita Flavii Josephi. See also Whiston, William.

L. Bernstein, Flavius Josephus (New York, 1938); A. H. Tamarin, Revolt in Judea (New York, 1968); G. A. Williamson, The World of Josephus (London, 1964).

(variants include Després; des Prés; Despréz; Jodocus Pratensis; a Prato; a Pratis; del Prato; ca. 1440–ca. 1521). Leading Franco-Flemish composer in the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance; precursor of G. P. de Palestrina*; regarded by some as having been a pupil of J. d' Okeghem,* with whom he holds common ground in counterpoint.

See Theological Journals.

(fl. 4th c. AD). It. “heretic” known only from writings of his opponents, including Jerome.* His views developed from his opposition to E monasticism and included: married people have equal merit with unmarried and widows; fasting not better than thankful feasting; Mary conceived, but did not bear Christ as a virgin, since childbearing ends virginity; the regenerate are essentially sinless. Excommunicated by Siricius (b. Rome; pope [bp. Rome] 384–ca. 399) and a syn. at Rome and by Ambrose* and a syn. at Milan, all in 390.

(1817–93). B. Camberwell (London), Eng.; educ. Oxford; master Balliol Coll. 1870; regius prof. Gk. 1855 and vice-chancellor 1882–86 Oxford; exponent of Broad* Ch. theol.; best known for tr. of Plato's* Dialogues.

(1864–1923). B. Halifax, Yorkshire, Eng.; Cong. pastor New Castle upon Tyne 1889, Birmingham 1895, NYC 1911, London 1918. Works include The High Calling; The Transfigured Church; Things That Matter Most; The Passion for Souls.