Christian Cyclopedia

United Lutheran Church in America, The, Synods of.

1. Can., Syn. of (Canada Syn.). Pittsburgh Syn. (see 24) miss. efforts in Ont. led to formation 1853 of the Canada Conf. of the Pittsburgh Syn.; the Conf. resolved itself into the Ev. Luth. Syn. of Can. July 1861; helped form General* Council of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in (N.) Am.1867, ULC 1918. The Ev. Luth. Syn. of Cen.; Can., organized 1908 as a result of Gen. Council Eng. miss work in Ont., helped form ULC 1918, merged into the Ev. Luth. Syn. of Can. June 1925. See also 32.

The Ev. Luth. Sem. of Can. was founded 1911 at Waterloo, Ont., by the Ev. Luth. Syn. of Can. and the Ev. Luth. Syn. of Cen. Can.; Waterloo Coll. School was est. 1914 in connection with the sem. The coll. expanded 1924 into the Waterloo Coll. of Arts; the faculty of arts under the name Waterloo Coll. became affiliated with the U. of Western Ont. 1925; preparatory courses of the coll. school were abandoned 1929. The Ev. Luth. Sem. of Can. became Waterloo Luth. U. 1959/60, and at that time Waterloo Coll. terminated affiliation with the U. of Western Ont. and began granting degrees as Waterloo U. Coll. In 1973 Waterloo Luth. U. severed ties with the Eastern Canada Syn. (LCA) in order to become a provincially assisted school renamed Wilfrid Laurier U. The sem., federated with the new university, came under a separate bd. of governors.

Jubiläums-Büchlein: Festschrift zur Feier des 50-jährigen Jubiläums der evang.-luther. Synode van Canada (n. p., 1911); V. J. Eylands, Lutherans in Canada (Winnipeg, Man., Can., 1945); C. R. Cronmiller, A History of the Lutheran Church in Canada (n. p., 1961).

See also Canada, B 4.

2. Caribbean Ev. Luth. Syn. of the ULC(A) (Caribbean Syn.). See Caribbean Islands, E 4, 8.

J. P. M. Larsen, Virgin Islands Story (Philadelphia, 1950).

3. Central States, Ev. Luth. Syn. in the (Central States Syn.). The Ev. Luth. Syn. of Kansas (and Adjacent States) (also known as Kansas Syn.) organized early November 1868 Topeka; joined The General* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the USA 1869, The Ev. Luth. Syn. of Nebraska (also known as Nebraska Syn.) organized early September 1871 Omaha; joined Gen. Syn. 1875. Some Ger.-speaking mems. withdrew from the Nebraska Syn. and organized the Ger. Ev. Luth. Syn. of Nebraska (also known as Ger. Nebraska Syn.) 1890 Sterling, Nebraska; joined Gen. Syn. 1893; name changed 1937 to Ev. Luth. Syn. in the Midwest (also known as Midwest Syn.); est. Martin* Luther Sem. 1913 Lincoln, NebraskaThe 3 syns. merged 1954 to form the Ev. Luth. Syn. in the Central States.

H. A. Ott, A History of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Kansas (Topeka, Kans., 1907); Story of the Midwest Synod ULC(A) 1890–1950 (n. p., n. d.).

4. Florida Syn. (of the ULC(A)) (Syn. of Florida). Organized 1928 Lakeland, Florida, by pastors and congs. formerly constituting the Florida Conference of the Ev. Luth. Syn. and Ministerium of Georgia and Adjacent States (see 5); joined ULC 1928.

5. Georgia-Alabama Syn. (of the ULC(A)). Organized July 1860 Spalding Co., Georgia, as the Ev. Luth. Syn. in the State of Georgia (also known as Georgia Syn.). Helped organize The Gen. Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the Confederate* States of Am. 1863. Became the Ev. Luth. Syn. and Ministerium of Georgia in the 1860s, the Ev. Luth. Syn. and Ministerium of Georgia and Adjacent States in the 1870s. Helped form The United* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the South 1886, ULC 1918. On the Florida Syn. see 4. The Georgia Syn. changed name 1930 to Georgia-Alabama Syn.

D. R. Poole, History of the Georgia-Alabama Synod of The United Lutheran Church in America 1860–1960 (n. p., n. d.).

6. Icelandic Syn. 19th-c. immigrants from Iceland to Am. settled mainly in Man., Can., and in Minnesota and the Dakotas. An Icelandic Luth. service was conducted 1874 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, by Jon Bjarnason. The Icelandic Syn. organized Winnipeg, Man., Can., June 1885 after a preliminary meeting January 1885 Mountain, North Dakota; Icelandic name: Hins evangeliska láterska kirkjufélags lslendinga í Vesturheimi (“The Ev. Luth. Ch. Organization of Icelanders in the Western Hemisphere”); Eng. name since 1951: Icelandic Ev. Luth. Syn. in (or of) (N.) Am.; const. provided for female suffrage. In the 1 st decade of the 20th c. the syn. was torn by strife over Biblical inspiration and the meaning of confessional subscription; some Icelanders and their pastors later became Unitarian. Joined ULC 1940. See also Canada, B 13; Thorgrimson, Hans Baagöe.

K. K. Olafson, The Icelandic Lutheran Synod (Winnipeg, n. d.).

7. Illinois Syn. (of the ULC(A)). Organized June 1920 by merger of the Ev. Luth. Syn. of Cen. Illinois,* the Ev. Luth. Syn. of N. Illinois,* the Ev. Luth. Syn. of S. Illinois,* and part of the former Chicago* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Church.

M. L. Wagner, The Chicago Synod and Its Antecedents (Waverly, Iowa, n. d.); T. W. Brosche et al., Progress of a Century: A History of The Illinois Synod of the United Lutheran Church in America 1851–1951 (n. p., n. d.).

8. Indiana Syn. (of the ULC(A)). The Indiana mems. of the Miami* Syn. helped form the Olive Branch Ev. Luth. Syn. of Indiana 1848, which joined The General* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the USA 1850, changed name 1898 to Olive Branch Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch., and merged 1920 with the Indiana mems. of the former Chicago* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. to form an Indiana Syn. with mems. in other states. By 1934 all mems. outside Indiana were dismissed to other syns. See also 10, 12.

9. Iowa, (Ev. Luth.) Syn. of (Iowa Syn.), Organized 1855; joined The General* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the USA 1857.

M. Qualley, “United Lutheran Synod in Iowa,” The Palimpsest, XXXV (1954), 245–260.

10. Kentucky-Tennessee Syn. Formed 1934 by some mems. of the Indiana Syn. (see 8) and Ohio Syn. (see 19), but not congs. in eastern Tenn. which retained membership in the Virginia Syn. (see 29).

11. Maryland, Ev. Luth. Syn. of (Maryland Syn.). Organized 1820 by the Virginia Conf. of the Pennsylvania Ministerium as “The Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Maryland, Virginia, and so forth”; name changed 1822 to “The Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Maryland and Virginia,” 1833 to “The Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Maryland” (the Ev. Luth. Syn. of Virginia [Virginia Syn.] had been formed 1829). Helped form The General* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the USA. When the Maryland Syn. refused to sanction the Definite* Syn. Platform, B. Kurtz* withdrew and led in organizing the Melanchthon Syn. 1857; the latter rejoined the Maryland Syn. 1869. 1961: See also 29; American Lutheranism.

A. R. Wentz, History of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Maryland of The United Lutheran Church in America 1820–1920 (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1920).

12. Michigan Syn. (of the ULC(A)). Formed 1920 by merger of N. Indiana* Syn. and part of the Chicago* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch.; mems. in Indiana were transferred to the Indiana Syn. (see 8) 1934.

13. Miss., Ev. Luth. Syn. of (Miss. Syn.). Organized 1855 by pastors of the South Carolina Syn. (see 27) who had begun work in Miss. 1846; joined The Ev. Luth. Gen. Syn. S. (see United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South, The, 1 ) 1876; helped organize United Syn. of the S. 1886.

14. New Jersey, Ev. Luth. Syn. of (New Jersey Syn.). The Ev. Luth. Syn. of New Jersey (II) organized 1950 by New Jersey mems. of the United Syn. of New York (see 15), Pennsylvania Ministerium (see 22), and Cen. Pennsylvania Syn. (see 23).

A. Hiller, “History of the Lutheran Church in New Jersey,” The Lutheran Quarterly, XXVIII (1898), 98–130, 165–196; T. G. Tappert, “Early Lutheranism in Southern New Jersey,” The Lutheran Church Quarterly, XIX (1946), 305–314.

15. New York and New Eng., United (Luth.) Syn. of (New York and New Eng. Syn.). Traced its hist. to organization of the New York Ministerium at least as early as 1786 Albany, New York under leadership of J. C. Kunze* (see also Schwerdtfeger, Johann Samuel Wilhelm); foundations had been laid in the 1770s by F. A. C. Muhlenberg (see Mühlenberg, Henry Melchior, and Family, 6). Its const. was based on that of the Pennsylvania Ministerium (see 22) but differed from the latter in that (a) laymen were given voice and vote (see also Ministerium) and (b) the New York Ministerium had no sessions limited to pastors.

The New York Ministerium helped organize The General* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the USA; 1820 but withdrew after the 1st meeting and did not return till 1837. Meantime it suffered internal strife. Some mems. withdrew 1830, formed the Hartwick* Syn, of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the State of New York on basis of a modified AC, and joined the Gen. Syn. 1831. Further liberalism in the Hartwick Syn. led to organization 1837 of the Franckean* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the State of New York In 1859 some mems. of the New York Ministerium withdrew and 1861 organized the Ev. Luth. Syn. of New* Jersey (I). In protest against reception of the Franckean Syn. into the Gen. Syn. 1864/66, the New York Ministerium (which had rejoined the Gen. Syn. 1837) withdrew from the Gen. Syn. 1866/67 and helped form the General* Council of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in N. Am. But a minority of mems. withdrew 1866 from the New York Ministerium in protest against this new alignment, formed the Ev. Luth. Syn. of New* York1867, joined the Gen. Syn. 1868, and merged 1872 with the Ev. Luth. Syn. of New Jersey (I) to form the Ev. Luth. Syn. of New York and New Jersey (mem. Gen. Syn.).

Meantime, F. W. T. Steimle* and others withdrew 1866 for confessional reasons from the New York Ministerium and formed the Ger. Ev. Luth. Syn. of New* York and Other States (also known as Steimle Syn.); the syn., but not Steimle, rejoined the New York Ministerium 1872.

Eng.-speaking mems. withdrew from the New York Ministerium and formed the Ev. Luth. Syn. of New York and New Eng. 1902, joined Gen. Council 1903.

The Hartwick Syn.,; Franckean Syn., and Ev. Luth. Syn. of New York and New Jersey merged 1908 to form the Syn. of New York of the Ev. Luth. Ch. (also known as New York Syn.), which joined the Gen. Syn. 1909.

The Syn. of New York of the Ev. Luth. Ch., New York Ministerium, and Ev. Luth. Syn. of New York and New Eng. merged 1929 to form the United Luth. Syn., New York In 1952 it became the United Luth. Syn. of New York and New Eng.

J. Nicum, Geschichte des Evangelisch-Lutherischen Ministeriums vom Staate New York und angrenzenden Staaten und Ländern (n. p., 1888); H. J. Kreider, History of the United Lutheran Synod of New York and New England, I, 1786–1860 (Philadelphia, 1954); N. van Alstine, Historical Review of the Franckean Evangelical Lutheran Synod of New York (Philadelphia, 1893); S. G. Trexler, Crusaders of The Twentieth Century: A Lutheran Story in the Empire State (New York, 1926).

16. North Carolina, United (Ev. Luth.) Syn. of. Ger. Luths. from Pennsylvania began to settle in North Carolina bet. 1745 and 1750. Congs. began to form. A special appeal to Eur. for a pastor 1772 brought A. Nussmann.* C. A. G. Stork* was sent 1788 from Ger. to help Nussmann. Paul Henkel (see Henkels, The, 2) was active in North Carolina and helped organize the Ev. Luth. Syn. and Ministerium of North Carolina (also known as North Carolina Syn.) 1803, whose membership soon extended into South Carolina, Virginia, and Tenn.

When the North Carolina Syn. planned to help form the Gen. Syn., Paul, Philip, and D. Henkel and others formed the Ev. Luth. Tenn. Syn. (see also 29) in protest 1820. The North Carolina Syn. suffered other losses by organization of the Ev. Luth. Syn. of South Carolina 1824 (see also 27), the Western Virginia Syn. 1842 (see also 29), and the Ev. Luth. Syn. of Miss. 1855 (see also 13). In 1863 the North Carolina Syn. withdrew from the Gen. Syn. and helped organize the The Gen. Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in Confederate* States of Am., which became The Ev. Luth. Gen. Syn. in N. Am. 1866. In 1870 the North Carolina Syn. withdrew from the latter, which in 1876 became The Ev. Luth. Gen. Syn. South. The North Carolina Syn. (re)joined the latter 1881. In 1886 the North Carolina Syn. helped organize The United Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the S. In 1921 the Tenn. Syn. reunited with the North Carolina Syn. to form the United Ev. Luth. Syn. of North Carolina, which that yr. came into ownership and control of Lenoir Rhyne Coll.

History of the Lutheran Church in North Carolina (1803–1953), ed. J. L. Morgan et al. (n. p., n. d.).

17. Northwest, Syn. of the (Northwest Syn.; Eng. Ev. Luth. Syn. of the Northwest; Eng. Northwest Syn.). Organized 1891 St. Paul, Minnesota; joined General* Council of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in (N.) Am. 1893. Territory included Wisconsin, Minnesota, N. and South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon See also Northwestern Lutheran Theological Seminary.

G. H. Trabert, English Lutheranism in the Northwest (Philadelphia, 1914); P. H. Roth, Story of the English Evangelical Lutheran Synod of the Northwest (1891–1941) (n. p., n. d.); D. A. Flesner, 70th Anniversary Review: The English Evangelical Lutheran Synod of the Northwest 1891–1961 (n. p., n. d.).

18. Nova Scotia Syn. See Canada, B 1–3.

D. L. Roth, Acadie and the Acadians (Philadelphia, 1890); V. J. Eylands, Lutherans in Canada (Winnipeg, Man., Can., 1945); C. R. Cronmiller, A History of the Lutheran Church in Canada (n. p., 1961).

19. Ohio Syn. (Syn. of Ohio [of the ULC(A)]). Formed 1920 by merger of the East Ohio Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. (see General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States of America, The, 3), Miami* Syn., Wittenberg* Syn., Dist. Syn. of Ohio (organized 1857), and I parish of the Chicago* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. In 1934 some mems. were released to help form the Kentucky Tenn. Syn. (see 10). See also Ohio and Other States, Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of, 1–4; Wittenberg University.

20. Pacific Syn. (of the Ev. Luth. Ch.). Organized 1901 by 10 pastors of the Northwest Syn. (see 17) living W of the Missouri R.; joined General* Council of the Ev. Luth. ;Ch. in (N.) Am. 1901; territory included Washington, Oregon, Idaho, British Columbia, Alaska. Pacific Sem., est. 1910 Portland, Oregon, moved 1914 to Seattle, Washington, suspended operation 1932, closed as a sem. 1934; its capital resources were used 1950 to help found Pacific Luth. Theol. Sem., Berkeley, California (see also 21).

E. Bracher, The First FiFty Years of the Pacific Synod (Seattle, Washington, 1951).

21. Pacific Southwest Syn. of the ULC(A) (Syn. of Pacific Southwest). The Ev. Luth. Syn. of California, result of Gen. Syn. missions beginning 1886, organized 1891; joined Gen. Syn. 1891; came to include chs. in Arizona, Nevada, and Hawaii; name changed 1954 to Ev. Luth. Syn. of the Pacific Southwest. Helped est. Pacific Luth. Theol. Sem., Berkeley, California (see also 20; Lutheran Church in America, V; Ministry, Education of, X R).

22. Pennsylvania Ministerium (Ministerium of Pennsylvania; various other names and forms of the name). “Mother syn. of the Luth. Ch. in Am.” Organized 1748; out-growth of United* Congregations. Meetings were not held 1755–59. 1781 const. name: An Ev. Luth. Ministerium in N. America. 1792 name: The Ger. Ev. Luth. Ministerium in Pennsylvania and Adjacent States (adopted in view of organization of the New York Ministerium; see 15). Called ministerium because originally only ministers were given voice and vote. After laymen were seated as regular delegates 1792, the meeting of ministers and laymen together was called a synodical meeting, but the body itself continued to be called a ministerium. Helped form The General* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the USA 1820; withdrew from the Gen. Syn. 1823 partly out of fear of unacceptable authority. But most congs. W of the Susquehanna R. withdrew from the Pennsylvania Ministerium, formed the Ev. Luth. Syn. of West Pennsylvania (West Pennsylvania Syn.) 1825, and joined Gen. Syn. 1825. Pennsylvania Ministerium mems. in E Pennsylvania formed the Ev. Luth. Syn. of East Pennsylvania (East Pennsylvania Syn.) 1842, joined Gen. Syn. 1843. Resultant comparative isolation from new* measures left the Pennsylvania Ministerium comparatively conservative. Rejoined Gen. Syn. 1853 but withdrew again 1866 in protest against the Definite* Synodical Platform (see also Mann, Wilhelm Julius) and admission of the Franckean* Syn. to the Gen. Syn.. The Pennsylvania Ministerium founded Lutheran Theol. Sem., Philadelphia, 1864. Helped form General* Council of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in (N.) Am. 1867. New Jersey mems. were dismissed 1950 to the New Jersey Syn. (see 14). See also Mühlenberg, Henry Melchior, and Family, 2.

Documentary History of the Evangelical Lutheran Ministerium of Pennsylvania and Adjacent States: Proceedings of the Annual Conventions from 1748 to 1821 (Philadelphia, 1898); H. E. Pfatteicher, The Ministerium of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1938); T. E. Schmauk, A History of The Lutheran Church in Pennsylvania (1638–1820), I (Philadelphia, 1903); T. G. Tappert, “Two Hundred Years of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania,” 1948 Minutes of the Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Evangelical Lutheran Ministerium of Pennsylvania and the Adjacent States (n. p., n. d.), pp. 297–303.

23. Pennsylvania, Ev. Luth. Syn. of Central (Central Pennsylvania Syn. [of the ULC(A)]). Formed 1938 by merger of the West Pennsylvania Syn. (see 22), Alleghany (Allegheny) Ev. Luth. Syn. of Pennsylvania (Alleghany [Allegheny] Syn.; formed 1842 by mems. of the West Pennsylvania Syn.), East Pennsylvania Syn. (see 22), and Susquehanna Syn. (of the ULC(A)). The latter organized 1867 as the Susquehanna Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the US; merged 1923/24 with the Ev. Luth. Syn. of Central Pennsylvania [Central Pennsylvania Syn.; formed 1855 by mems. who withdrew from the West Pennsylvania Syn.] to form the Susquehanna Syn. of Central Pennsylvania of the Ev. Luth. Ch. [name shortened 1932 to Susquehanna Syn.]). New Jersey mems. were dismissed 1950 to the New Jersey Syn. (see 14).

W. H. B. Carney, History of the Alleghany Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Pennsylvania, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1918); The Susquehanna Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States: A History 1867–1917, ed. F. P. Manhart et al. (n. p., 1917); L. G. Shannon, A Short History of the Central Pennsylvania Synod of the United Lutheran Church in America (n. p., 1958).

24. Pittsburgh Syn. (of the Ev. Luth. Ch.). Organized 1845 (see also Passavant, William Alfred); became known for miss. work extending into other states and into Ont. and Nova Scotia. Joined The General* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the USA 1853. Majority joined the General* Council of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in (N.) Am. 1867; minority remained with the Gen. Syn.; both kept the same name and reunited 1919 under that name. Thiel Coll., Greenville, Pennsylvania, came under control of the Pittsburgh Syn. 1870.

E. G. Heissenbuttel and R. H. Johnson, Pittsburgh Synod History: Its Auxiliaries and Institutions, 1845–1962 (Pittsburgh, 1963).

25. Rocky Mountain Syn. (of the ULC(A)). Organized 1891 Manitou, Colorado; territory included Wyoming, Colorado, N. Mex., and part of Texas; joined The General* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the USA 1891.

26. Slovak Ev. Luth. “Zion” Syn. (Slovak Zion Syn.). Organized 1919 Braddock. Pennsylvania; joined ULC 1920; represented mainly in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York

27. South Carolina, Ev. Luth.. Syn of (South Carolina Syn.). Luth. chs. were est. in South Carolina as early as the 1730s. The Unio Ecclesiastica der deutsch protestantischen Kirchen im Staate South Carolina, formed 1787, disappeared ca. the turn of the c. The South Carolina Syn., organized 1824, joined The General* Syn. of the Ev. Lath. Ch. in the USA 1835, helped organize The Gen. Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the Confederate* States of Am. 1863 and The United Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the South 1886.

See also 13; Lutheran Theological Southern Seminary.

History of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of South Carolina 1824–1924, ed. S. T. Hallman (Columbia, South Carolina, n. d.).

28. Texas and Louisiana, (Ev. Luth.) Syn. of (Texas and Louisiana Syn.). Preachers from St. Chrischona* and a missionary sent by W. A. Passavant* organized the First (Ger.) Ev. Luth. Syn. of Texas (Texas Syn.) 1851; joined The General* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the USA 1853; mem. the General* Council of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in (N.) Am. 1868–94. Most of the Texas Syn. withdrew 1894 and joined the Ev. Luth. Syn. of Iowa* and Other States as a dist. 1896; The minority continued as Old Ger. Ev. Luth. Syn. of Texas of the UAC (also known as Texas Syn.); it experienced some losses to the Iowa Syn. 1913; joined the Gen. Council 1915; name changed 1954 to Ev. Luth. Syn. of Texas and Louisiana

J. Mgebroff, Geschichte der Ersten Deutschen Evangelisch-Lutherischen Synode in Texas (n. p., 1902); History of the First Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Texas, comp. M. Heinrich (n. p., n. d.); History of the Evangelical Lutheran Texas Synod of the United Lutheran Church in America (Philadelphia, 1926); H. C. Ziehe, A Centennial Story of the Lutheran Church in Texas (Seguin, Texas, 1951).

29. Virginia, (Luth.) Syn. of (Virginia Syn.). For hist. up to 1829 see 11. Some mems. of the North Carolina Syn. (see 16) and of the Virginia Syn. formed the “Ev. Luth. Syn. and Ministerium of Western Virginia and adjacent parts” (Western Virginia Syn.) 1842. The Virginia Syn. joined The General* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the USA 1839; the Western Virginia Syn. joined the Gen. Syn. 1843. These 2 syns. helped organize The Gen. Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the Confederate* States of Am. 1863. The Western Virginia Syn. changed name 1867 to Ev. Luth. Syn. and Ministerium of Southwestern Virginia (Southwestern Virginia Syn.).

The Holston Syn., organized 1860 by mems. of the Tennessee Syn. (see 16) in western Virginia and Tennessee, was mem. of The Gen. Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the Confederate States of Am. 1869–72 and of the General* Council of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in (N.) Am. 1874–86.

All 3 syns. (Virginia Syn., Southwestern Virginia Syn., Holston Syn.) helped organize The United Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the South 1886. In 1922 they merged into the (Luth.) Syn. of Virginia Est. Marion (Virginia) Coll. 1873 (see also Ministry, Education of, VIII 1).

History of the Lutheran Church in Virginia and East Tennessee, ed. C. W. Cassell et al. (Strasburg, Virginia, 1930); W. E. Eisenberg, The Lutheran Church in Virginia, 1717–1962, including an Account of the Lutheran Church in East Tennessee (Roanoke, Virginia, 1967).

30. Wartburg Syn. (of the Ev. Luth. Ch.). Organization resolved on 1875, documentarily fixed 1876. Formed by Ger. mems. of the Ev. Luth. Syn. of Cen. Illinois,* who first met 1873 as the Ger. Conference of that syn. Joined The General* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the USA 1877. See also Severinghaus, John Dietrich.

W. E. Kaitschuk, History of the Wartburg Synod (Burlington, Iowa, 1940).

31. West Virginia, Ev. Luth. Syn. of (West Virginia Syn.). Organized 1912; joined The General* Syn. of the Ev. Luth. Ch. in the USA 1913.

32. Western Can., (Ev. Luth.) Syn. of (Western Can. Syn.). Began in the 1890s as Northwest Conf. of the Ev. Luth. Syn. of Can. (see 1); organized 1897 as Ger. Ev. Luth. Syn. of Manitoba* and the Northwest Territories; name changed 1907 to The Ger. Ev. Luth.. Syn. of Man. and other Provinces, 1947 to Ev. Luth. Syn. of Western Can. Territory came to include Man., Sask., Alta., and Brit. Columbia. Est. Luth. Coll. and Sem., Saskatoon. Sask. (see also Lutheran Theological Seminary, Saskatoon, Sask., Can.

See also Lutheran Church in America; United Lutheran Church in America, The.

V. J. Eylands, Lutherans in Canada (Winnipeg, Man., Can., 1945); C. R. Cronmiller, A History of the Lutheran Church in Canada (n. p., 1961).