Christian Cyclopedia

(1050–1106). King of Ger. and Holy Roman emp. 1056–1106; engaged with Gregory VII (see Popes, 7) in investiture* controversy; excommunicated and declared deposed by Gregory 1076; absolved after penance at Canossa 1077; excommunicated again 1080; declared Gregory deposed; crowned emp. 1084 by Clement III (Guibert, or Wibert, of Ravenna; ca. 1030–1100; b. Parma, It.; antipope 1080–1100).

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Edited by: Erwin L. Lueker, Luther Poellot, Paul Jackson
^©Concordia Publishing House, 2000, All rights Reserved. Reproduced with Permission

Prefaces: Preface to the 1954 Edition | Preface to the Revised Edition | Preface to the Christian Cyclopedia

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